VAV controllers are devices that manage the airflow in HVAC systems by regulating the volume of air supplied to different zones in a building. Unlike Constant Air Volume (CAV) systems that provide a fixed airflow, VAV controllers adjust the air supply based on temperature, occupancy, and other environmental factors. They operate through dampers, actuators, and sensors that communicate with the Building Management System (BMS) to optimize energy usage. By responding to real-time changes, VAV controllers improve comfort while reducing operational costs.